Kidney Stones and Hyperparathyroidism

👉Patients with hyperparathyroidism may develop kidney stones or nephrocalcinosis (deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma).

👉Kidney stones may be symptomatic (10% to 20% of patients) or silent and seen only on imaging tests.

👉Read more at https://collectedmed.com/index.php/article/article/demo_article_display/7546/83/1/1

#Arrangoiz

#ParathyroidExpert #ParathyroidSurgeon

Blood Supply of the Pancreas

👉The pancreas derives a rich blood supply from both celiac axis and superior mesenteric artery, with collaterals between the two systems; that is why when angiography is done for bleeding as a complication of acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis or pancreatoduodenectomy both celiac axis and superior mesenteric artery should be evaluated.

#Arrangoiz #Teacher #Surgeon

Guidelines for screening of breast cancer in patients with mutations

BRCA1/BRCA2:
👉Age 25 to 29 – Annual breast MRI with contrast (or mammogram preferably with tomosynthesis if MRI is unavailable)
👉Age 35 to 75 – Annual mammogram preferably with tomosynthesis and breast MRI with contrast
👉Age > 75 – Management should be considered on an individual basis

TP53:
👉20 to 29 – Annual breast MRI with contrast 👉30 to 75 – Annual mammogram preferably with tomosynthesis and breast MRI with contrast
👉Age > 75 – Management should be considered on an individual basis

ATM:
👉Annual mammogram with consideration of tomosynthesis and consider breast MRI with contrast at age 40 y

CDH1:
👉Annual mammogram with consideration of tomosynthesis and consider breast MRI with contrast at age 30 y

CHEK2:
👉Annual mammogram with consideration of tomosynthesis and consider breast MRI with contrast at age 40 y

NBN:
👉Annual mammogram with consideration of tomosynthesis and consider breast MRI with contrast at age 40 y

NF1:
👉Annual mammogram with consideration of tomosynthesis at age 30 y and consider breast MRI with contrast from age 30 to 50 y

PALB2:
👉Annual mammogram with consideration of tomosynthesis and consider breast MRI with contrast at age 30 y

PTEN:
Annual mammogram with consideration of tomosynthesis and consider breast MRI with contrast at age 30 to 35 y or 5 to 10 yrs before earliest family breast cancer

STK11:
👉Annual mammogram with consideration of tomosynthesis and consider breast MRI with contrast at age 25 y

#Arrangoiz #BreastSurgeon #BreastCancer

Sensory Innervation of the Ear

  • The innervation to the ear is one of the most complex in the body:
    • There are four cranial nerves and two upper cervical nerves that contribute to sensory innervation of the ear:
      • Cranial nerves:
        • V
        • VII
        • IX
        • X
      • Upper cervical nerves:
        • C2
        • C3
          • Though the sensory innervation to the ear may appear fairly well defined:
            • There is considerable overlap and ambiguity in the sensory distribution of these nerves

Essentially any pathology residing within the sensory net of cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X and upper cervical nerves C2 and C3 can potentially cause pain referred to the ear
  • The mandibular division of CN V (V3):
    • Supplies the:
      • Tragus
      • Helical crus
      • Anterosuperior wall of the external auditory canal
      • Adjacent tympanic membrane
      • Temporomandibular joint
    • The auriculotemporal branch but also has sensory nerve fibers via the lingual, buccal, and inferior alveolar nerves:
      • Which serve to innervate the:
        • Oral cavity:
          • Floor of mouth, lower teeth, palate, mandible including the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
        • The three mayor salivary glands

Primary and referred otalgia pathways of the mandibular nerve (V3). Cranial nerve V is the most frequent pathway for referred otalgia via the auriculotemporal branch (Nerve of Arnold) of the trigeminal nerve.
  • The facial nerve (VII) supplies the:
    • Posterior-inferior portion of the external ear canal
    • Adjacent tympanic membrane
      • The sensory distribution of the facial nerve is variable:
        • With an overlapping sensory distribution with the trigeminal nerve
      •  The seventh cranial nerve:
        • The posterior auricular nerve:
          • Serves to innervate the ear directly
        • The greater superficial petrosal nerve and the vidian nerve serve to supply the:
          • Nasal mucosa
          • Posterior ethmoid
          • Sphenoid sinuses
          • Soft palate

Primary and referred otalgia pathways of the facial nerve (VII). Cranial nerve VII produces referred otalgia via the auricular branch of the facial nerve. Bell palsy can present as ear pain, antecedent to facial paralysis.
  • The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) supplies the:
    • Inner ear
    • Inner tympanic membrane
      • The tympanic nerve (Jacobson nerve, a branch of cranial nerve IX):
        • Directly innervates the ear but also has:
          • Pharyngeal, lingual, and tonsillar branches to supply the:
            • Posterior one-third portion of the tongue
            • Tonsillar fossa / pillars
            • Pharynx:
              • Inferior nasopharynx
            • Parapharyngeal space
            • Retropharyngeal space
            • Eustachian tube

Cranial nerve IX mediates otalgia via the tympanic nerve of Jacobson
  • The vagus nerve (X) supplies:
    • A similar distribution to CN IX:
      • But also innervates the concha
    • The vagus nerve supplies the:
      • Valleculae
      • Lingual, and laryngeal surfaces of the epiglottis
      • Supraglottic larynx
      • Pyriform sinuses
      • Thyroid gland
      • More distant sites within the thorax:
        • Including the tracheobronchial tree and esophagus
    • The Arnold nerve:
      • Directly innervates the ear
    • The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve:
      • Innervate the larynx
    • The pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve:
      • Innervate the lower pharynx

Primary and referred otalgia pathways of the vagus nerve (X). Cranial nerve X is involved with otalgia via the auricular nerve of Arnold.
  • The upper cervical nerves (C2 and C3) innervate:
    • The skin in front of and behind the ear
    • The medial and lateral aspect of the auricle
    • Temporomadibular joint
      • The upper cervical nerves (C2 and C3) innervate a significant portion of the external ear, including the auricle, lobule, and the skin in front of and behind the external ear via the:
        • Great auricular nerve
        • Lesser occipital nerves

Rodrigo Arrangoiz MS, MD, FACS a head and neck surgeon / endocrine surgeon / surgical oncologist and is a member of Sociedad Quirúrgica S.C at the America British Cowdray Medical Center in Mexico City:

prof_739_20190417135234

  • Rodrigo Arrangoiz MS, MD, FACS:
    • Is a member of the American Head and Neck Society

img_4750

    • He is a member of the American Thyroid Association:

Unknown

Training:

• General surgery:

• Michigan State University:

• 2004 al 2010

• Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

• Fox Chase Cancer Center (Filadelfia):

• 2010 al 2012

• Masters in Science (Clinical research for health professionals):

• Drexel University (Filadelfia):

• 2010 al 2012

• Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

• IFHNOS / Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center:

• 2014 al 2016

#Arrangoiz

#Teacher

#Surgeon

#Cirujano

#ThyroidExpert

#ThyroidSurgeon

#CirujanodeTiroides

#ExpertoenTiroides

#ExpertoenParatiroides

#Paratiroides

#Hiperparatiroidismo

#CancerdeTiroides

#ThyroidCancer

#PapillaryThyroidCancer

#SurgicalOncologist

#CirujanoOncologo

#CancerSurgeon

#CirujanodeCancer

#HeadandNeckSurgeon

#CirugiaEndocrina

#CirujanodeTumoresdeCabezayCuello

#OralCavityCancer

#Melanoma

Breast Cancer Genetics

👉Lifetime breast cancer risk is only 13% for identical twins of breast cancer patients compared to 9% for dizygotic twins.

👉Twin studies are important because they help us understand how far genetics will get us as we try to risk stratify populations.

👉Other twin studies have estimated that 12% to 30% of breast cancer is primarily genetic in origin.

👉Thus, only a minority of breast cancers are directly attributed to germline genetics and only 5% to 10% are thought to be due to inheritance of mutations in major autosomal dominant breast cancer predisposition genes.

👉REFERENCES

  1. Baker SG, Lichtenstein P, Kaprio J, et al. Genetic susceptibility to prostate, breast, and colorectal cancer among Nordic twins. Biometrics. 2005;61:55-63.
  2. Lichtenstein P, Holm NV, Verkasalo PK, et al. Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer–analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:78-85.
  3. Locatelli I, Lichtenstein P, Yashin AI. The heritability of breast cancer: a Bayesian correlated frailty model applied to Swedish twins data. Twin Res. 2004;7:182-191.

#Arrangoiz

#Surgeon

#Cirujano

#SurgicalOncologist

#CirujanoOncologo

#BreastSurgeon

#CirujanodeMama

#CancerSurgeon

#CirujanodeCancer

Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica in Hyperparathyroidism

👉An extreme form of parathyroid bone disease termed osteitis fibrosa cystica is characterised by significant loss of bone density, development of bone cysts and brown tumors (shown below), skeletal deformity, bone pain, and a propensity for pathologic fractures.

👉Fortunately, it is quite rarely seen these days.

👉Read more about the signs and symptoms of parathyroid disease at https://collectedmed.com/index.php/article/article/demo_article_display/7546/83/1/1

#Arrangoiz

#ParathyroidSurgeon

#ParathyroidExpert

#HeadandNeckSurgeon

#Teacher

Are Prophylactic Antibiotics Required Before Breast Surgery? Even if it is a Clean Case?

👉The use of prophylactic antibiotics depends on:

  • The type of case (clean vs contaminated)
  • As well as patient specific variables such as the presence of a mechanical heart valve or other prosthesis, placement of a prosthesis, such as a tissue expander, and/or other variables.
  • 👉Prolonged prophylactic antibiotics are avoided due to concerns over promoting the incidence of multidrug resistant bacterial infections and because the risks of this strategy outweigh the benefits in reducing postoperative infections.
  • 👉Strong evidence supports a single dose of prophylactic antibiotics prior to breast surgery.
  • 👉There is no evidence that antibiotics improve wound healing aside from decreasing infection rates.
  • 👉There does not appear to be benefit from additional postoperative antibiotics.
  • 👉Patients undergoing re-excision lumpectomy appear to be at increased risk of infection and would also benefit from prophylactic antibiotics. 
  • REFERENCES

    1. The American Society of Breast Surgeons. Surgical site infection and cellulitis after breast and/or axillary surgery.Accessed January 18, 2017
    2. Hall JC, Willsher PC, Hall JL. Randomized clinical trial of single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis for non-reconstructive breast surgery. Br J Surg. 2006;93:1342-1346.
    3. Jones DJ, Bunn F, Bell-Syer SV. Prophylactic antibiotics to prevent surgical site infection after breast cancer surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;3:CD005360.
    4. Kataria K, Bagdia A, Srivastava A, et al. Are breast surgical operations clean or clean contaminated? Indian J Surg. 2015;77:S1360-S1362. 
    5. Throckmorton AD, Hoskin T, Boostrom SY, et al. Complications associated with postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis after breast surgery. Am J Surg 2009;198:553-556.
    6. Tran CL, Langer S, Broderick-Villa G, et al. Does reoperation predispose to postoperative wound infection in women undergoing operation for breast cancer? Am Surg. 2003;69:852-856.

    👉Rodrigo Arrangoiz MS, MD, FACS cirujano oncology y cirujano de mamá de Sociedad Quirúrgica S.C en el America British Cowdray Medical Center en la ciudad de Mexico:

    • Es experto en el manejo del cáncer de mama.

     

    👉Es miembro de la American Society of Breast Surgeons:

    Training:

    • General surgery:

    • Michigan State University:

    • 2004 al 2010

    • Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

    • Fox Chase Cancer Center (Filadelfia):

    • 2010 al 2012

    • Masters in Science (Clinical research for health professionals):

    • Drexel University (Filadelfia):

    • 2010 al 2012

    • Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

    • IFHNOS / Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center:

    • 2014 al 2016

     

    #Arrangoiz

    #Surgeon

    #Cirujano

    #SurgicalOncologist

    #CirujanoOncologo

    #BreastSurgeon

    #CirujanodeMama

    #CancerSurgeon

    #CirujanodeCancer

    The most appropriate posttherapy breast imaging surveillance after Breast Conservation Surgery is?

    👉Women with a personal history of breast cancer are at an elevated lifetime risk of developing an ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) or a new primary cancer in the contralateral breast.
    👉Women with early-stage invasive breast cancer treated with breast-conserving therapy are reported to develop IBTR at a rate of approximately 0.5 to 1.0%/year.
    👉There are no randomized controlled trials reporting the accuracy or impact on breast cancer mortality of mammographic surveillance following breast cancer treatment.
    👉The sensitivity of screening mammography to detect IBTR ranges from 50% to 80% and to detect contralateral breast cancer, from 45% to 90%.
    👉Surveillance for breast cancer survivors is not a generally recognized indication for breast MRI.
    👉In fact, the most recent 2012 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Guidelines advise against breast MRI for routine breast cancer surveillance:

    • Instead advocate that the first postlumpectomy mammogram be done at least 6 months after completing radiation therapy, with subsequent mammograms obtained yearly thereafter.
    • Current National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines mirror the ASCO guidelines. 

    REFERENCES

    1. Houssami N, Ciatto S. Mammographic surveillance in women with a personal history of breast cancer: how accurate? how effective? Breast. 2010;19:439-445.
    2. Khatcheressian JL, Hurley P, Bantug E, et al; American Society of Clinical Oncology. Breast cancer follow-up and management after primary treatment: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:961-965.
    3. Turnbull L, Brown S, Harvey I, et al. Comparative effectiveness of MRI in breast cancer (COMICE) trial: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375:563-571.

    👉Rodrigo Arrangoiz MS, MD, FACS cirujano oncology y cirujano de mamá de Sociedad Quirúrgica S.C en el America British Cowdray Medical Center en la ciudad de Mexico:

    • Es experto en el manejo del cáncer de mama.

     

    👉Es miembro de la American Society of Breast Surgeons:

    Training:

    • General surgery:

    • Michigan State University:

    • 2004 al 2010

    • Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

    • Fox Chase Cancer Center (Filadelfia):

    • 2010 al 2012

    • Masters in Science (Clinical research for health professionals):

    • Drexel University (Filadelfia):

    • 2010 al 2012

    • Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

    • IFHNOS / Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center:

    • 2014 al 2016

     

    #Arrangoiz

    #Surgeon

    #Cirujano

    #SurgicalOncologist

    #CirujanoOncologo

    #BreastSurgeon

    #CirujanodeMama

    #CancerSurgeon

    #CirujanodeCancer

    What is the best imaging modality to determine imaging response to neoadjuvant therapy in breast cancer?

    👉Breast MRI is the most sensitive and specific imaging modality to determine imaging response to neoadjuvant therapy and has the highest correlation coefficient when comparing imaging size to pathologic tumor size when compared to any combination of physical examination, mammography, and ultrasonography.
    👉Nevertheless, it is not necessary to routinely perform post-treatment MRI, especially when a well-circumscribed sonographically visible cancer has been followed with ultrasound during treatment.
    👉Researchers are studying breast specific gama imaging (BSGI) as an enhanced screening modality but its accuracy in determining tumor detection and response after neoadjuvant therapy is unproven. The high dose of radiation with BSGI has been a concern. 

    👉REFERENCES

    1. De Los Santos JF, Cantor A, Amos KD, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging as a predictor of pathologic response in patients treated with neoadjuvant systemic treatment for operable breast cancer (TBCRC 017). Cancer. 2013;199:1776-1783.
    2. Lee HS, Ko BS, Ahn SH, et al. Diagnostic performance of breast-specific gamma imaging in the assessment of residual tumor after neoadjuvant therapy in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;145:91-100.
    3. Marinovich ML, Macaskill P, Irwig L, et al. Meta-analysis of agreement between MRI and pathologic breast tumour size after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Br J Cancer. 2013; 109:1528-1536.
    4. McLaughlin S, Mittendorf EA, Bleicher RJ, et al. The 2013 Society of Surgical Oncology Susan G. Komen for the Cure Symposium: MRI in breast cancer: where are we now? Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21:28-36.

    👉Rodrigo Arrangoiz MS, MD, FACS cirujano oncology y cirujano de mamá de Sociedad Quirúrgica S.C en el America British Cowdray Medical Center en la ciudad de Mexico:

    • Es experto en el manejo del cáncer de mama.

     

    👉Es miembro de la American Society of Breast Surgeons:

    Training:

    • General surgery:

    • Michigan State University:

    • 2004 al 2010

    • Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

    • Fox Chase Cancer Center (Filadelfia):

    • 2010 al 2012

    • Masters in Science (Clinical research for health professionals):

    • Drexel University (Filadelfia):

    • 2010 al 2012

    • Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

    • IFHNOS / Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center:

    • 2014 al 2016

     

    #Arrangoiz

    #Surgeon

    #Cirujano

    #SurgicalOncologist

    #CirujanoOncologo

    #BreastSurgeon

    #CirujanodeMama

    #CancerSurgeon

    #CirujanodeCancer

    Cost Savings Utilizing Molecular Studies for Indetermined Thyroid Nodules

    👉Cost savings from incorporating ThyroSeq testing into the management of patients with thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology is based on:

    • The avoidance of unnecessary surgeries
    • Selection of the optimal extent for the initial surgery thereby minimizing the two-step surgeries, i.e. lobectomy followed by completion of thyroidectomy. 

    👉The results of a prospective, double-blind, multicenter study of ThyroSeq v3 (Steward DL et al. JAMA Oncol. 2018.) allow to estimate the impact of ThyroSeq on avoiding unneeded diagnostic thyroid surgeries, as show on the figure below.

    👉In a series of 100 patients with Bethesda III and Bethesda IV thyroid nodules and with the expected cancer/NIFTP prevalence of 28%:

    • 61 tests will be reported as Negative and 39 as Positive.

    👉Among test-negative nodules only two cancers will be missed (those are expected to be low-risk, intrathyroidal cancers).

    👉Among the test-positive nodules:

    • 23 (67%) will be diagnosed as cancer or NIFTP on surgery
    • The majority of remaining nodules are expected to be neoplasms, likely with some malignant potential.

    👉Overall, 61% of thyroid surgeries will be avoided, with their costs and complications.

    👉Nicholson KJ, et al. Molecular Testing of Bethesda III/IV Thyroid Nodules: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Thyroid. 2019. doi.org/10.1089/thy.2018.0779

    👉This study modeled a decision tree from the payor perspective, comparing the cost-effectiveness of diagnostic lobectomy, ThyroSeq v3, and Afirma GSC for indeterminate (Bethesda III/IV) thyroid nodules.

    👉Based on the model, the cost per correct diagnosis was $14,277 for ThyroSeq v3, $17,873 for Afirma GSC, and $38,408 for diagnostic lobectomy.

    👉One-way sensitivity analysis found that ThyroSeq v3 had robustly lower cost per correct diagnosis than Afirma GSC.

    👉Two-way sensitivity analysis varying costs of ThyroSeq v3 and Afirma GSC demonstrated that ThyroSeq was still the preferred strategy.

    👉The study stated that in no range of tested cost variations was diagnostic lobectomy the preferred strategy over molecular testing.

    👉The study concluded that either Afirma GSC or ThyroSeq v3 was considerably more cost-effective than diagnostic lobectomy and that ThyroSeq v3 was more likely to be cost-effective than Afirma GSC.

    👉Rivas AM, et al. ThyroSeq V2.0 Molecular Testing: A Cost-Effective Approach for the Evaluation of Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules. Endocr Pract. 2018 Sept; 24(9):780-788

    👉This study evaluated cost effectiveness of ThyroSeq utilized for managing patients with Bethesda III-IV cytology nodules at Mayo Clinic Florida, where the test is used in routine clinical practice since January 2015.

    👉The study showed that the cost of treatment per patient with Bethesda III category nodules was $54,000 when no molecular testing was used and $44,570 after ThyroSeq introduction.

    👉Three patients with negative ThyroSeq results were able to avoid surgery resulting in cost saving of $67,500 per patient.

    👉For patients with Bethesda IV category nodules, the cost of treatment was $29,000 and $43,200 using and not using ThyroSeq, respectively.

    👉Twelve patients with Bethesda IV nodules were negative by ThyroSeq, of which 11 did not have surgery, resulting in cost saving of $84,000 per patient.

    👉The authors of this independent study performed at a high volume thyroid medical center concluded that ThyroSeq is a cost effective tool to diagnose thyroid cancer compared to thyroidectomy without molecular testing in patients with nodules categorized as Bethesda III and IV. 

    👉Yip L, et al. Comprehensive cost analysis of available molecular tests for thyroid nodules with follicular neoplasm cytology 2015 15th International Thyroid Congress, A-381

    👉This study evaluated the costs associates with management of patients with Bethesda IV cytology nodule using ThyroSeq as compared to standard of care (SC) patient management without molecular testing, using Afirma®GEC, and using 7-gene mutational panel.

    👉The study demonstrated that the ThyroSeq-guided care was associated with a substantially lower cost (average per patient $7,683, range $7,174-$8,333) as compared to the average per patient cost of standard of care ($11,505, range $10,676-$12,347) and of care utilizing Afirma®GEC ($13,027, range $12,373-$13,666) or 7-gene mutational panel ($12,029, range $11,254-$12,823).

    👉The study estimated that due to high test sensitivity (90%) and specificity (93%), ThyroSeq GC-guided algorithm for Bethesda IV nodules should result in 30% reduction in the cost of management of patients with these nodules.

    👉Rodrigo Arrangoiz MS, MD, FACS a head and neck surgeon / endocrine surgeon / surgical oncologist and is a member of Sociedad Quirúrgica S.C at the America British Cowdray Medical Center in Mexico City:

     

    prof_739_20190417135234

    • Rodrigo Arrangoiz MS, MD, FACS:
      • Is a member of the American Head and Neck Society

    img_4750

      • He is a member of the American Thyroid Association:

    Unknown

     

    Training:

    • General surgery:

    • Michigan State University:

    • 2004 al 2010

    • Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

    • Fox Chase Cancer Center (Filadelfia):

    • 2010 al 2012

    • Masters in Science (Clinical research for health professionals):

    • Drexel University (Filadelfia):

    • 2010 al 2012

    • Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

    • IFHNOS / Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center:

    • 2014 al 2016

     

    #Arrangoiz

    #Teacher

    #Surgeon

    #Cirujano

    #ThyroidExpert

    #ThyroidSurgeon

    #CirujanodeTiroides

    #ExpertoenTiroides

    #ExpertoenParatiroides

    #Paratiroides

    #Hiperparatiroidismo

    #CancerdeTiroides

    #ThyroidCancer

    #PapillaryThyroidCancer

    #SurgicalOncologist

    #CirujanoOncologo

    #CancerSurgeon

    #CirujanodeCancer

    #HeadandNeckSurgeon

    #CirugiaEndocrina

    #CirujanodeTumoresdeCabezayCuello

    #OralCavityCancer

    #Melanoma