👉The sonographic appearance of a normal lymph node is:

-Elliptical with a thin, hypoechoic cortex and an isoechoic to hyperechoic fatty hilum.

👉Metastatic carcinoma in a lymph node would usually have an:

-Asymmetric thick cortex or have near-total or total obliteration of the hilum resulting in a rounded, hypoechoic mass.

👉Rodrigo Arrangoiz MS, MD, FACS cirujano oncology y cirujano de mamá de Sociedad Quirúrgica S.C en el America British Cowdray Medical Center en la ciudad de Mexico:

• Es experto en el manejo del cáncer de mama.

 👉Es miembro de la American Society of Breast Surgeons:

Training:

• General surgery:

• Michigan State University:

• 2004 al 2010

• Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

• Fox Chase Cancer Center (Filadelfia):

• 2010 al 2012

• Masters in Science (Clinical research for health professionals):

• Drexel University (Filadelfia):

• 2010 al 2012

• Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

• IFHNOS / Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center:

• 2014 al 2016

#Arrangoiz

#Surgeon

#Cirujano

#SurgicalOncologist

#CirujanoOncologo

#BreastSurgeon

#CirujanodeMama

#CancerSurgeon

#CirujanodeCancer

👉Papillary lesions of the breast are common.

👉These highly vascular lesions are intraductal and may transform into malignant variants.

👉In benign papillary lesions, a vascular stalk may be demonstrated on color Doppler scanning while multiple feeding vessels may be seen when imaging malignant papillary lesions.

👉When papillary lesions infarct, the vascular stalk will not be demonstrated.

👉The ability to reliably distinguish papilloma, in-situ papillary carcinoma, and invasive papillary carcinoma is not possible with ultrasound and is quite challenging even on core biopsy.

👉Open surgical biopsy may need to be performed to distinguish malignant from benign papillary lesions.

👉An “acorn” cyst is lined with papillary apocrine metaplasia which can form a mural nodule.

👉The nodule in an acorn cyst is less echogenic than papillomas or papillary carcinomas, is usually concave, following the contour of the cyst (thus the appearance of a cap on an acorn) instead of convex, and does not have a vascular stalk.

👉The mural nodule caused by papillary apocrine metaplasia also would not extend into the duct as the papillary lesion shown in the image does. 

👉Tubular adenomas and fibroadenomas have a similar sonographic appearance and are frequently round or oval, although tubular adenomas can be fusiform or spindle shaped.

👉Both lesions occur during reproductive years and would not commonly present as a new finding in a postmenopausal patient.

 👉Rodrigo Arrangoiz MS, MD, FACS cirujano oncology y cirujano de mamá de Sociedad Quirúrgica S.C en el America British Cowdray Medical Center en la ciudad de Mexico:

• Es experto en el manejo del cáncer de mama.

 👉Es miembro de la American Society of Breast Surgeons:

Training:

• General surgery:

• Michigan State University:

• 2004 al 2010

• Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

• Fox Chase Cancer Center (Filadelfia):

• 2010 al 2012

• Masters in Science (Clinical research for health professionals):

• Drexel University (Filadelfia):

• 2010 al 2012

• Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

• IFHNOS / Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center:

• 2014 al 2016

#Arrangoiz

#Surgeon

#Cirujano

#SurgicalOncologist

#CirujanoOncologo

#BreastSurgeon

#CirujanodeMama

#CancerSurgeon

#CirujanodeCancer

👉Breast hamartomas most likely result from an overgrowth of a portion of normal breast tissue, or from fibrous and glandular elements getting incorporated into a lipomatous growth.

👉Thus, they are sometimes called a “breast within a breast.”

👉They are also variously called adenolipofibroma, lipofibroadenoma, adenolipofibroma, and fibroadenolipoma, because they contain fibrous, fatty, and epithelial tissues.

👉They may present as palpable masses, but are more commonly discovered on routine imaging.

👉They are round, oval, or lobulated and are usually well-circumscribed.

👉They have a mixture of water density and fatty elements and frequently have either a capsule or the appearance of a capsule resulting from surrounding compressed breast tissue.

👉A mammographically classic hamartoma does not require further imaging, short interval follow-up, or biopsy.

👉The presence of a breast hamartoma should prompt further questioning of the patient to be sure there is nothing to suggest she has multiple hamartoma syndrome (Cowden syndrome), a rare disorder caused by a deleterious mutation in the PTEN gene.

👉Patients with this disorder have an increased head circumference, multiple trichilemmoma skin lesions, intestinal hamartomas, and an increased risk of cancer of the breast, thyroid, endometrium and kidney.

👉If there is a personal or family history suggestive of the disorder, genetic testing should be done.

 👉Rodrigo Arrangoiz MS, MD, FACS cirujano oncology y cirujano de mamá de Sociedad Quirúrgica S.C en el America British Cowdray Medical Center en la ciudad de Mexico:

• Es experto en el manejo del cáncer de mama.

 👉Es miembro de la American Society of Breast Surgeons:

Training:

• General surgery:

• Michigan State University:

• 2004 al 2010

• Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

• Fox Chase Cancer Center (Filadelfia):

• 2010 al 2012

• Masters in Science (Clinical research for health professionals):

• Drexel University (Filadelfia):

• 2010 al 2012

• Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

• IFHNOS / Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center:

• 2014 al 2016

#Arrangoiz

#Surgeon

#Cirujano

#SurgicalOncologist

#CirujanoOncologo

#BreastSurgeon

#CirujanodeMama

#CancerSurgeon

#CirujanodeCancer

👉The patient has a BI-RADS 2 simple cyst.

👉To be regarded as a simple cyst, a mass must meet three criteria.

1. The margins must be circumscribed, ie, a margin “that is well defined or sharp, with an abrupt transition between the lesion and surrounding tissue.”

2. It must be anechoic , ie, “without internal echoes.”

3. It must show posterior acoustical enhancement, (ie, “a column that is more echogenic deep to the mass.”

👉Simple cysts are almost never associated with cancer in the absence of other abnormalities seen on mammogram or ultrasound.

 👉Rodrigo Arrangoiz MS, MD, FACS cirujano oncology y cirujano de mamá de Sociedad Quirúrgica S.C en el America British Cowdray Medical Center en la ciudad de Mexico:

• Es experto en el manejo del cáncer de mama.

 👉Es miembro de la American Society of Breast Surgeons:

Training:

• General surgery:

• Michigan State University:

• 2004 al 2010

• Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

• Fox Chase Cancer Center (Filadelfia):

• 2010 al 2012

• Masters in Science (Clinical research for health professionals):

• Drexel University (Filadelfia):

• 2010 al 2012

• Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

• IFHNOS / Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center:

• 2014 al 2016

#Arrangoiz

#Surgeon

#Cirujano

#SurgicalOncologist

#CirujanoOncologo

#BreastSurgeon

#CirujanodeMama

#CancerSurgeon

#CirujanodeCancer

👉HER-2 expression in breast cancer is primarily assessed semiquantitatively by IHC.

👉The 2013 ASCO / CAP guidelines outline an IHC scoring method based on four classes:

– 0, 1+, 2+, and 3+.

– A score of 0 is negative, indicating no observed staining in invasive tumor cells.

-A score of 1+ is negative and indicates weak, incomplete membrane staining in any proportion of invasive tumor cells or weak, complete membrane staining in less than 10% of invasive tumor cells.

-A score of 2+ is equivocal, indicating circumferential membrane staining that is incomplete and/or weak/moderate and in more than 10% of invasive tumor cells or complete and circumferential membrane staining that is intense and in 10% or less of invasive tumor cells. All 2+ equivocal cases undergo subsequent testing by FISH.

-A score of 3+ is positive and indicates circumferential membrane staining that is complete and intense in a homogeneous and contiguous population, present in more than 10% of invasive tumor cells, and readily appreciated using a low-power objective. 

👉FISH is a sensitive and accurate method of scoring invasive breast tumor tissue for HER-2 expression.

👉Initial gene amplification studies by FISH assessment used chromosome 17 centromere (CEP17) or another gene on the same chromosome as an internal control, with a ratio of 2.0 or more considered evidence of HER-2 amplification.

👉These criteria were used as the cutoff for enrollment in trials evaluating HER-2 targeted therapies.

👉In 2007, the ASCO/CAP guidelines were changed to define HER-2 amplified as a ratio of 2.2 or more.

👉More recent guidelines have changed the ratio cutoff back to a ratio of 2.0 or more with the inclusion of criteria to account for HER-2 copy number per tumor cell.

👉Based on the recent guidelines, HER-2 is amplified in cases where the HER-2/CEP17 ratio is 2.0 or more with an average HER-2 copy number of less than 4.0 signals/cell or the HER-2/CEP17 ratio is less than 2.0 with an average HER-2 copy number of 6.0 or more signals/cell using a dual probe or a HER-2 copy number of 6.0 or more copies/cell using a single probe.

👉FISH testing is negative for HER-2 amplification with a HER-2/CEP17 ratio of less than 2.0 with an average HER-2 copy number of less than 4.0 signals/cell or an average HER-2 copy number of less than 4.0 signals/cell using a single probe.

 👉Rodrigo Arrangoiz MS, MD, FACS cirujano oncology y cirujano de mamá de Sociedad Quirúrgica S.C en el America British Cowdray Medical Center en la ciudad de Mexico:

• Es experto en el manejo del cáncer de mama.

 👉Es miembro de la American Society of Breast Surgeons:

Training:

• General surgery:

• Michigan State University:

• 2004 al 2010

• Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

• Fox Chase Cancer Center (Filadelfia):

• 2010 al 2012

• Masters in Science (Clinical research for health professionals):

• Drexel University (Filadelfia):

• 2010 al 2012

• Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

• IFHNOS / Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center:

• 2014 al 2016

#Arrangoiz

#Surgeon

#Cirujano

#SurgicalOncologist

#CirujanoOncologo

#BreastSurgeon

#CirujanodeMama

#CancerSurgeon

#CirujanodeCancer

• Para mayor informes de como solicitar el estudio por favor comunicarse por Inbox con el Dr. Rodrigo Arrangoiz o al teléfono 55 5432 5614

#Arrangoiz

#Thyroseq

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#CancerdeTiroides

#CirugiaTiroidea

#EstudioMolecular

#ThyroidCancer

#ThyroidNodules

#ThyroidSurgeon

#ThyroidExpert

👉The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care has issued a strong recommendation against routine thyroid screening in nonpregnant adults without symptoms in the primary care setting, saying there is insufficient evidence of clinical benefit from the treatment of thyroid dysfunction in such individuals.

👉The guideline was published online November 17, 2019 in the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ) and was funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada.

👉”If you are a clinician who orders thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) tests as part of preventive health visits, we would like you to reconsider this practice.

👉The evidence isn’t there to suggest a health benefit for this type of screening as a routine part of care,” says Richard Birtwhistle, MD, chair of the Task Force Thyroid Dysfunction working group, in a press statement from CMAJ.

👉”Given the lack of clinical effectiveness and the burden on patients, including financial costs, screening patients without symptoms consumes resources that could be better used elsewhere,” added Birtwhistle, professor emeritus of family medicine and public health sciences at Queen’s University, in Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

👉This advice differs from the recommendations of other groups, as consensus on the issue is lacking.

👉”The recommendation represents a change in thinking about screening for thyroid dysfunction and contradicts other medical society recommendations that favor screening, particularly among older people,” write Juan Brito, MD, and Omar El Kawkgi, MD, of the Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, in Rochester, Minnesota.

👉Specifically, the position of the American Thyroid Association (ATA), published as joint guidelines with the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), is that screening for hypothyroidism in patients older than age 60 should be considered.

👉However, the US Preventive Services Task Force issued an updated guideline in 2015 recommending against screening for thyroid dysfunction based on insufficient evidence, they point out, and that position has also been endorsed by the American Academy of Family Physicians, editorialist El Kawkgi told Medscape Medical News.

#Arrangoiz

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#CirujanoOncologo

👉Surgery is a collision of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Pharmacology, Psychology, Sociology, Engineering, Technology and just as importantly, Art.

👉Dr E. Levi

#Arrangoiz

#Surgeon

#Cirujano

#Teacher

#Profesor

#CancerSurgeon

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#CirujanodeCabezayCuello

#SurgicalOncologist

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#BreastSurgeon

#CirujanodeMama

#CirujanodeCancer

👉 The American College of Radiology BI-RADS classification subdivides:

– BI-RADS 0 incomplete evaluation, requieres additional imaging evaluation

– BI-RADS 1 normal, which has a 0% risk of malignancy

– BI-RADS 2 benign finding, which has a 0% risk of malignancy

– BI-RADS 3 probably benign, with a ≤2 risk of malignancy

– BI-RADS 4a mildly suspicious, which has a 2% to 10 % risk of malignancy,

– BI-RADS 4b moderately suspicious, which has 10% to 50 % risk of malignancy

– BI-RADS 4c highly suspicious, which has a 50% to 95% risk of malignancy

– BI-RADS 5 malignant, has 95% or greater chance of malignancy

👉 In evaluating a solid sonographic nodule:

– One should first look for any of the 10 signs of malignancy, and if even one of them is present, the lesion cannot be considered BI-RADS 3.

👉 The 10 signs of malignancy are:

– Shadowing

– Hypoechoic echotexture

– Spiculation

– Angular margins

– Thick echogenic halo

– Microlobulation

– Taller than wide

– Duct extension

– Branching pattern

– Calcifications

👉 It should be noted that Stavros compares the echogenicity of lesions to that of breast fat, not breast parenchyma:

– Therefore, a lesion with hypoechoic echotexture would be very hypoechoic if breast parenchyma is used as the reference

👉 Rodrigo Arrangoiz MS, MD, FACS cirujano oncology y cirujano de mamá de Sociedad Quirúrgica S.C en el America British Cowdray Medical Center en la ciudad de Mexico:

• Es experto en el manejo del cáncer de mama.

👉 Es miembro de la American Society of Breast Surgeons:

Training:

• General surgery:

• Michigan State University:

• 2004 al 2010

• Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

• Fox Chase Cancer Center (Filadelfia):

• 2010 al 2012

• Masters in Science (Clinical research for health professionals):

• Drexel University (Filadelfia):

• 2010 al 2012

• Surgical Oncology / Head and Neck Surgery / Endocrine Surgery:

• IFHNOS / Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center:

• 2014 al 2016

#Arrangoiz

#Surgeon

#Cirujano

#SurgicalOncologist

#CirujanoOncologo

#BreastSurgeon

#CirujanodeMama

#CancerSurgeon

#CirujanodeCancer