– Ligand binding to the HER receptors leads to their homodimerization or heterodimerization, which promotes signal transduction
– To date, no ligands have been identified for the HER-2 receptor
– However, the HER-2 receptor has been shown to be the preferred heterodimerization for other HER family members
– HER-2 has been shown to be one of the most important oncogenes in human breast cancer
– HER-2 complexes initiate intracellular signaling via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and phospholipase C pathways
– Breast cancer cells and model tumor systems, have shown that over expression of the gene has been associated with increased mitogenesis, malignant transformation, increased cell motility, invasion, and metastasis
– In human breast cancer, amplification of the gene is found in around 15% to 30% of primary invasive breast tumors
– In these cases, up to 100 copies have been demonstrated per cell, which is equivalent to a 50-fold increase in gene copy number per cell
– As a result, the number of receptors per cell is increased up to 2 million
– Overexpression at the messenger RNA or protein level occurs in around 15% to 30% of patients with early-stage breast cancer
The HER gene family. The proteins are made up of an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a membrane-sparing region, and a cytoplasmic domain with tyrosine kinase activity. Note that HER-2 has no known ligands. Also note that HER-3 has no intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity.
My name is Rodrigo Arrangoiz I am a breast surgeon/ thyroid surgeon / parathyroid surgeon / head and neck surgeon / surgical oncologist that works at Center for Advanced Surgical Oncology in Miami, Florida.
I was trained as a surgeon at Michigan State University from (2005 to 2010) where I was a chief resident in 2010. My surgical oncology and head and neck training was performed at the Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia from 2010 to 2012. At the same time I underwent a masters in science (Clinical research for health professionals) at the University of Drexel. Through the International Federation of Head and Neck Societies / Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center I performed a two year head and neck surgery and oncology / endocrine fellowship that ended in 2016.
Mi nombre es Rodrigo Arrangoiz, soy cirujano oncólogo / cirujano de tumores de cabeza y cuello / cirujano endocrino que trabaja Center for Advanced Surgical Oncology en Miami, Florida.
Fui entrenado como cirujano en Michigan State University (2005 a 2010 ) donde fui jefe de residentes en 2010. Mi formación en oncología quirúrgica y e n tumores de cabeza y cuello se realizó en el Fox Chase Cancer Center en Filadelfia de 2010 a 2012. Al mismo tiempo, me sometí a una maestría en ciencias (investigación clínica para profesionales de la salud) en la Universidad de Drexel. A través de la Federación Internacional de Sociedades de Cabeza y Cuello / Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center realicé una sub especialidad en cirugía de cabeza y cuello / cirugia endocrina de dos años que terminó en 2016.
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Rodrigo Arrangoiz MS, MD, FACS, FSSO 