- In more than 80% of patients:
- Tumors spread to involve the local lymph nodes:
- Are detected on physical examination or by imaging at first presentation
- Tumors spread to involve the local lymph nodes:
- The lymphatics fluid flows mostly via collectors:
- Into the lymph nodes of levels II and III:
- A direct relationship to:
- Level I has not been detected
- A direct relationship to:
- Drainage to involve level IV:
- Occurs frequently
- Into the lymph nodes of levels II and III:
- The lymphatic drainage of the posterior pharyngeal wall:
- Occurs mainly first into the retropharyngeal lymph nodes:
- And accounts for over 40% of cases
- Occurs mainly first into the retropharyngeal lymph nodes:
- In hypopharyngeal cancers:
- Because of its advanced stage at presentation and its involvement or extension to cross the midline:
- The risk of contralateral metastases:
- Is high:
- With histological identification of tumor:
- In more than 20% of cases treated surgically:
- And supports the therapeutic decision to treat both sides of the neck:
- Either by surgery or by radiotherapy in the N0 neck
- And supports the therapeutic decision to treat both sides of the neck:
- In more than 20% of cases treated surgically:
- With histological identification of tumor:
- Is high:
- The risk of contralateral metastases:
- Because of its advanced stage at presentation and its involvement or extension to cross the midline:
#Arrangoiz #HeadandNeckSurgeon #CancerSurgeon #SurgicalOncologist #Teacher
Rodrigo Arrangoiz MS, MD, FACS, FSSO 